reticulata, Pterophyllum scalare, Labidochromis caeruleus, Cyrtocara moorii, Carydoras paleatus, Trichogaster trichopterus and Hypostomus plecostomus) at three acclimation temperatures (20, 24 and 28 ☌) were determined in this study. Thermal tolerance parameters of thirteen ornamental fish species (Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio: koi, Brachydanio rerio, Puntius tetrazona, Garra rufa, Poecilia latipinna, P. auratus as an experimental tool useful to investigate mechanisms that could be difficult to explore using more conventional animal models and complex cardiac designs. The purpose of this review is also to emphasize the power of the heart of C. auratus finely regulate the cardiac function under basal conditions and under environmental challenges, this review highlights the remarkable flexibility of the goldfish heart in relation not only to the basic morpho-functional design and complex neuro-humoral traits, but also to its extraordinary biochemical-metabolic plasticity and its adaptive potential.

However, an overview on the existing current knowledge is not yet available. A growing literature is available to illustrate the complex networks involved in the modulation of the goldfish cardiac performance, also in relation to the influence of environmental signals. More recently, the research possibilities offered by the goldfish are further expanded to cardiac studies. Among fishes, the cyprinid Carassius auratus (goldfish) is largely used for studies on comparative and evolutionary endocrinology, neurobiology, adaptive and conservation physiology, as well as for translational research aimed to explore mechanisms that may be useful in an applicative biomedical context.

The use of unconventional model organisms is significantly increasing in different fields of research, widely contributing to advance life sciences understanding.

Temperature for goldfish aquarium